Generally speaking, yes.
But there are some caveats/issues to be aware of:
1. You can't run both at the same time. (Well, they may run if you turn on "Allow multiple instance to run at the one time"), but it may cause unknown issues.
2. Each time you switch from MC23 to MC24 or visa versa, the version you are running will ask to make some changes. You must allow these. MC is registering its version of components with Windows, which it must do to run, and each major version of MC has its own version of components.
3. If you do this, you should set both versions to do "Nothing" at Windows startup. i.e. No Media Center, no Media Server. You could allow the version you usually use to startup, but you will need to remember to shut it down before starting the other version.
Those are the major issues off the top of my head.
Of course, MC24 isn't available yet, and won't be for a couple of months.
You can also run the 32bit and 64bit versions of MC23 on the same machine if you would like to take a look at the 64bit, but there are similar issues to above. I did it for a while when the 64bit version first came out but decided it just wasn't worth the hassle after a short while. Your existing MC23 licence will work for both the 32bit and 64bit versions.
Why don't you just upgrade to MC23 64bit? Mind you, there are some issues, like Handheld Sync detection of devices doesn't work in MC23.