Just reinstall the existing version overtop of itself. The Windows upgrade preserves most, but not all, of the files used in a MC installation. Stuff in the System32 directory does not get preserved, which is why it complains when you try to launch it after upgrading Windows.
Reinstalling MC overtop of itself will replace these missing files (whether MC12, 17, 19, or 21). That is all you have to do (and doing it once for one version will almost certainly "fix" all of the versions you have installed). This applies to all major upgrades of Windows, and all versions of MC (and plenty of other applications to boot).