Well, working backwards here:
4. Here I would need both a tuner and a capture box, right? For example the Hauppauge 950 tuner and the Hauppage 1212 capture box. As I understand it, the 950 caputres, but not to the quality of the 1212.
No, you do not need a separate capture box. A separate capture box is not easily used in this situation even if you want to.
Devices for OTA (ATSC, or DVB-T) do both tuning and capturing. The OTA digital signals are MPEG-2 or H264. MC captures the video in its original format. No quality issues.
HDHomerun seems to be a favorite device among our users.
3. Ditto for this--two boxes.
My cable company has converted all (if not all, most) channels to digital. I can no longer receive any analog cable channels. It may be different where you live.
For analog cable channels that does not require a set-top-box, if they still available, you need to use an analog tuner/capture device. Many devices are capable of receiving both analog and digital channels (HDHomerun is digital only, I believe). Again you do not need a separate capture device.
Capture devices such as Hauppauge HD PVR or Colossus are useful for viewing and recording signals from a cable company set-top-box.
2. Here I start to head-scratchin. I BELIEVE this would require either the standard cable co digital converter box (got one of those) OR a cablecard, for example Silicon Dust or Ceton. Right? And I would still want my H1212.
1. Okay, somebody rescue me here. What kind of signal does Direct TV or Dish output? And would I need anything other than the H1212 to capture video?
Here if you need to receive encrypted channels, MC currently can not do them. You will perhaps need a set-top-box together with a capture device (Hauppauge HD PVR, Colossus). CableCARD and other conditional access devices are not yet supported.
If you are only interested in clear/unencrypted channels, the situation is similar to OTA channels. You just need tuner devices capable of tuning to DVB-C or DVB-S. Some devices allow you to do both DVB-T and DVB-C, or both DVB-T and DVB-S, or even all three of them.