Well I was able to get some testing done over the weekend.
Unfortunately, a lot of that was spent chasing down the cause of a delay that I was seeing in the new FSE path, which
turned out to be a driver config issue.
Most of my testing was done at 60Hz with VideoClock enabled, and I was able to confirm that most of madVR's output modes behave the same, with the exception being Windowed Overlay.
A lot of this is not new, but simply confirmed what I had been seeing before.
When starting/resuming playback, there is as much as a 2 frame offset for audio sync when VideoClock is enabled. I never saw a variance which exceeded this amount.
This offset is not an exact number (e.g. 17/33ms) but can be anything in the region of 0-33ms.
Very rarely, probably less than 5% of the time, audio can actually be ahead of the video by as much as two frames, but seeking almost always results in audio being delayed again so that is less of a concern.
Overlay mode seems to be the exception here, as the variance almost always seemed to be 1 frame at most, rather than 2.
So that may be a temporary solution until this is resolved, but I really don't like using the overlay mode.
For a number of reasons, I would prefer to be using the old Windowed mode rather than anything else. There is no delay for it to respond to playback controls, it doesn't have to switch in/out of modes when full-screen, and you can alt-tab or take screenshots like any other application. Overlay mode also does things like disable shadows in Windows while it is active.
As for the extremely high latency values I was seeing with VideoClock disabled, well that was just due to me being impatient.
With VideoClock disabled, and using the old Windowed path (as it's my preference) I would often see sync errors >200ms after seeking.
These errors would be stable - but only for about 10 seconds. After 10 seconds it seems to "resync" and then I get a far more reasonable result: an offset of less than 1 frame.
So I'm actually seeing less variance with VideoClock disabled after this "resync" than normal playback with VideoClock enabled.
I don't know how helpful any of this is.
What I'll probably do next is install ReClock and see how using that in MPC-HC compares to MC+VideoClock.
I'd just like to add that it's very frustrating. The best solution I've found for now is to play the sync video, keep track of the offset over something like 50 different seeks so that I have an idea of where exactly the boundaries of this 2 frame offset are (since I'm now sure that it is always going to be 33/83ms at most) and then add a correction so that the audio is never early; but often 1-2 frames late.
As long as the audio is never early, it's a lot more difficult to notice sync errors when just watching a video.
It's better that the audio be 1-2 frames late, than trying to set it so that the average is 0ms for example. But that is obviously far from ideal, especially at 24Hz.